’WPCø; Ļ(÷­ÕZoŅˆGž¬e÷ ÓčR¼hR­Ø³°ŸYĮŽÕń~) “ŗ%®—"£L¼vé—U ZŪ,,¢åėä’1Ūœ·mł%{q‘ÄMµųZ)tGnV“ {śžgƒgłdŠō¤peĀh<…ŠU8Ž²$9q³Ø˜€G¶ÕzĶę2›äÄū²‡Q\éF²Ć– Œ‹§Å÷7āķ1  «NQA”¹Ž4aUĄ _0Zü.ĘčHēc8cŽĘ³RÕ­=‰·öąyGųh»J^›J3ĒR:­Ā3 `IG-.£•˜‰Ŗó{¼·rŖz<éüųØĖaĻJī)u@VĒĆ߂)ż~K ŻgęåļĶd*g5v7éN ćŪ\<7®_Ć"óĶ7›j¦… õ[^¾Õi™åŠčm‚a’ƒRš7Ż±>Į¢”M€5Ķķū†«čm£Bń[f$åŖ¹< É‚žģ!Śģ7XN‰łĀdW±aDAõIŪŁĢæH# š %ūU* 0C+ B*n ˜ 0 ž D+§ ĘŅ 0 ˜ 0)” 0 Ź AQÓ$ D3( 0 [ hefkm „a¤ D3“UTēf;Ö=|ž h-f3 h5a; 1mO h¼fĀaÄaŲģU0 h3 h9 0ź? )!/fæęĮf§a© B ½!Ś!j!z!!Š#!š%!€*)!Ŗ)aŗ+ äĪ+Ī+"?²-!ń3!6!8!!: )1;K;K;w@K;4‹;Ÿ; m”;˜HP LaserJet 5L PCLPCL5EMS,,88,,0'X<ō\ `(Roman(’’$ņņŚ  ŚŚ  Śóó&’’0 d dH(į2$§§Ż ƒ*@r!ŻŌukUS.,ŌŃŃŃ  ŃŃTRW Š6Ā&3Ų'Ļ6Į&A4’3Ų'TŃŅ°ŅŅ°Ņѝ°Ńѝ°ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż'ČČČČdxdƒ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(į2$££Ż ƒ*@r!ŻŌukUS.,ŌŃŃŃ  ŃŃTRW Š6Ā&3Ų'Ļ6Į&A4’3Ų'TŃŅ°ŅŅ°Ņѝ°Ńѝ°ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż(’’$””0(į2$¢¢Ż ƒ*@r!ŻŌukUS.,ŌŃŃŃ  ŃŃTRW Š6Ā&3Ų'Ļ6Į&A4’3Ų'TŃŅ°ŅŅ°Ņѝ°Ńѝ°ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż Cž’<< b’’…Ž¹Ž'ž’dxd(ā3ŠE$¦¦Ż ƒ*@r!ŻŌukUS.,ŌŃŃŃ  ŃŃTRW Š6Ā&3Ų'Ļ6Į&A4’3Ų'TŃŅ°ŅŅ°Ņѝ°Ńѝ°ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż@ē°ŽFTable_A#|< Ž"1111'’’dxd(ÖĆ9 Z ‹<Times New Roman CE Regular ĢŻ ƒ'ŻŌukUS.,ŌŅ°ŅŅ°ŅÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ€'ōūćōX'XŌMarjanac€&€al.:€Eocene€sediments€and€sea„level€changes€in€Dalmatia€Š  Š rŻ ƒŠE&ŻŌukUS.,ŌŅŅŅŅÓ  ÓŻ  Żversion€21€August€1995,€final ”Ż ƒŠE&ŻŌukUS.,ŌŅŅŅŅÓ  ÓŻ  ŻNo.€references:€64ĢNo.€pgs.:€20+7ĢNo.€figs.:€3ĢNo.€words:€7495ĢTable_E# e37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)#Table_FTable_D$ō\ `Roman PS-/(Ā@r$””ŌukUSŌŃŃŃ  ŃŃTRÅwŠ6Ā&łwŠ6Ā&Š6Ā&A4 (Portrait) Ü Š6Ā&A4 (Portrait) Ü TŃŅ°ŅŅ°ŅѝŃѝŃÓ  Ó’’ČQ"‚u•ĘĆöł’’’’’’’’’’’’’’^?@ …D†D‡DˆD‰DŠU‹DŒDUŽŹń˜S%^•õ’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒ*@r!ŻŌukUS.,ŌŃŃŃ  ŃŃTRW Š6Ā&3Ų'Ļ6Į&A4’3Ų'TŃŅ°ŅŅ°Ņѝ°Ńѝ°ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żņ ņŃ r ŃÓ  ÓŌ€&ģ‡ŲŌŌ€XÉńXX'XŌńyńĢńyńÓÓą@qq:`ąEOCENE€CARBONATE€SEDIMENTS€AND€SEA„LEVEL€CHANGESˆŠ Ų Šą@qq<`ąON€THE€NE€PART€OF€ADRIATIC€CARBONATE€PLATFORMˆĢą@UU:`ą(ISLAND€OF€HVAR€AND€PELJEš°šAC€PENINSULA,€CROATIA)ˆĢÓ  Óó óĢMarjanac€T.ņņ1óó,€Babac€D.ņņ2óó,€Benišaš€J.ņņ1óó,€š`šosovišaš€V.ņņ1óó,€Drobne€K.ņņ3óó,€Marjanac€Lj.ņņ2óó,Š ż 8  ŠPavlovec€R.ņņ4óó€&€Velimirovišaš€Z.ņņ2Ō% €+ Ō*óóŠ Õ   ŠÓ  ÓĢÓ€Ó1:€Division€of€Geology€and€Palaeontology,€Faculty€of€Sciences,€10000€Zagreb,€Zvonimirova€¼ą õ ą8,€Croatia.Ģ2:€INA„Geological€Consulting,€10000€Zagreb,€Savska€c.€88a,€Croatia.Ģń{ńą0 õ ąą  ąń{ń3:€Paleontological€Institute€J.€Rakovec,€Slovenian€Academy€of€Sciences€and€Arts,€61000€ńzńą ½ ąńzńLjubljana,ĻGosposka€13,€Slovenia.Š õ$"õ$" Šń}ńą0 õ ąą  ąń}ń4:€Montan„geology€Department,€Faculty€of€Sciences€and€Technology,€61000€Ljubljana,€ń|ńą0 ½ ąń|ńAš±škeršcševaĻ12,€Slovenia.Š õ$"õ$" Š*€All€authors€except€the€senior€one€are€in€alphabetical€orderĢÓ€*ÓŌ€œ‡ˆŌĢÖ€’’ÖŃ7€jŅXXdšXXdģ7Ńą@??N`ąņ ņABSTRACTó óˆŠ m0!& ŠĢą õ ąAfter€the€emersion€of€the€Adriatic€Platform€that€lasted€since€the€end€of€the€Senonian€andĻafter€the€local€accumulation€of€bauxite,€the€sedimentation€was€reestablished€in€the€Early€Eocene.ĻThis€occurred€in€more„or„less€brackish,€protected€lagoons€and€bays,€where€Kozina„type€LimestonesĻhave€been€deposited.€These€are€overlain€by€the€Foraminiferal€Limestones€of€an€open€marine€shelfĻwhich€has€been€deposited€above€a€ravinement€surface.€Deposition€of€the€Eocene€carbonates€(Kozina„¼type€Limestones€in€particular)€is€characterized€by€numerous€breaks€of€sedimentation€(hiati),€someĻof€which€have€lasted€for€ca.€2-2,5€Ma.€These€were€caused€by€emersions€in€response€to€relative€sea„levelĻfalls,€and€are€documented€by€leached€bedding€planes,€karstification€and€occurrences€of€bauxite.ĻProgressive€deepening€of€the€depositional€environment€is€responsible€for€formation€of€the€so„calledŠ Ż0 3:  ŠTransitional€Beds,€again€aborted€by€a€sea„level€fall€which€caused€emersion€and€created€a€hiatus.ĻFinally,€a€thick€Flysch€Formation€was€deposited€in€a€deeper„marine€basin€which€was€created€byĻtectonical€disintegration€of€the€Adriatic€carbonate€platform€accompanied€by€a€sea„level€rise.€TheĻoldest€part€of€the€so„called€Flysch€Formation€(predominantly€marls)€was€deposited€during€a€highstand,Ļwhereas€the€youngest€part€characterized€by€turbidites€was€deposited€during€the€sea„level€lowstand.Ģą õ ąThe€reduced€thickness€of€the€sediments€in€the€Hvar€section€is€caused€by€comparativelyĻslow€subsidence,€whereas€thicker€sediments€in€the€Orebišaš€section€indicate€higher€subsidence€ofĻa€more€labile€structural€block.ĢĢņ ņÓ  ÓINTRODUCTIONó óŠ …˜ ŠÓ  ÓĢą õ ąThe€northeastern€part€of€the€Eocene€Adriatic€carbonate€platform€discussed€in€this€paper,Ļis€located€in€Middle€Dalmatia€on€the€Island€of€Hvar,€and€the€Pelješ±šac€Peninsula€(Fig.€1).€PreviousĻexplorations€of€the€area€comprise€regional€mapping€(Borovišaš€&€al.€1976,€1977;€Herak€&€al.€1976;ĻKorolija€&€al.€1976,€1977),€complex€studies€on€stratigraphy€and€tectonics€of€the€region€(BlanchetĻ1972,€1974;€Chorowicz€1969,€1975,€1977;€Salopek€1928,€1931;€š°šikišaš€1965),€sedimentology€ofĻflysch,€as€well€as€on€stratigraphy€of€the€Palaeogene€deposits€(Benišaš€1983;€Drobne€&€al.€1988;€Puš±škarišašĻ1987).Ģą õ ąThe€outcrops€explored€at€both€localities€are€only€slightly€tectonized€with€a€moderate€dipĻof€the€beds.€On€the€Island€of€Hvar€and€the€Pelješ±šac€Peninsula,€the€Palaeogene€deposits€€are€croppingĻout€along€the€southern€coasts€and€occur€in€tectonic€contact€with€the€Mesozoic€carbonates€(Fig.Ļ1).€Biostratigraphic€control€in€the€carbonates€is€based€on€larger€foraminifera€(alveolinids,€numulitids,Ļetc.),€and€on€nannoplankton€in€the€clastic€sequence.€For€fossil€lists€see€Drobne€&€Ogorelec€(thisŠ }/(, Švolume).Ģń~ńĢń~ńą@S S C`ąņ ņFACIES€AND€FACIES€ASSOCIATIONSó 󀈩 ÅŲ ŠńńĢńńą õ ąThe€sedimentary€succession€explored€consists€of€several€distinct€facies€and€facies€associations:Ļ1)€Kozina„type€Limestones,€2)€Foraminiferal€Limestones,€3)€Transitional€Beds€and€4)€Flysch€whichĻhas€an€informal€status€as€lithologic€unit€at€the€formation€rank.ĢĢą@  =`ąņ ņKozina„type€Limestones€(A€in€Figs.€2€and€3)ó óˆŠ   Šń€ńĢń€ńą õ ąThe€equivalent€facies€association€(but€without€stromatolites)€in€Istria€was€identified€as€theĻ"Kozina-beds"€and€attributed€to€the€proposed€Liburnian€stage€by€Stache€(1889).€The€usage€of€formationĻand€stage€names€is€different;€thus€Blanchet€(1974),€Salopek€(1928,€1931)€and€Schubert€(1909)Ļused€them€in€Stache's€original€sense,€but€Chorowicz€(1977),€Magaš±š€&€Marinšcšišaš€(1973),ĻMuldini-MamušĻšišaš€(1971),€Pavlovec€(1968)€and€š°šikišaš€(1965)€understood€the€Liburnian€as€a€faciesĻor€group€of€facies,€while€Guš±šišaš€&€Jelaska€(1990)€and€Pavlovec€&€Plenišcšar€(1981)€recognized€theĻLiburnian€Formation.€Drobne€(1979)€accepted€"Kozina"€and€"Liburnian"€as€similar€facies€but€ofĻdifferent€ages€(Paleocene€and€'Cuisian',€respectively).€Ģą õ ąKozina„type€Limestones€are€15,5€m€and€96€m€thick€at€the€Hvar€and€Orebišaš€sections,Ļrespectively.€They€comprise€the€following€facies:€1)€Discorbida€Limestones,€2)€Miliolida€Limestones,Ļ3)€stromatolites,€and€4)€breccias.€Although€some€researchers€hold€Miliolida€Limestones€as€the€earliestĻfacies€of€the€Foraminiferal€Limestones€(see€Muldini„MamušĻšišaš€1971€and€š°šikišaš€1965),€they€are€treatedĻhere€as€a€member€of€the€Kozina„type€Limestones€due€to€alternation€with€the€Discorbida€Limestones.Ģą õ ąThe€facies€boundaries€are€locally€transitional,€or€locally€sharp,€the€latter€characterized€byĻleached€sediments€as€well€as€by€erosion€and€karstification.€The€respective€share€of€individual€faciesĻtypes€also€differ;€in€the€Hvar€section€Discorbida€Limestones€and€Stromatolites€predominate,€whileŠ …/˜(, Šin€the€Orebišaš€section€the€Miliolida€Limestones€attain€much€greater€thickness€than€other€lithofacies.ĻThe€intensity€of€karstification€is€also€different€at€various€stratigraphic€levels,€so€it€locally€reachesĻa€depth€of€several€meters.€It€is€sometimes€difficult€to€determine€the€real€karstification€depth,€becauseĻsome€cavities€occur€superimposed€and€cross„cutting€the€older€ones.Ģą õ ąThe€description€of€the€facies€studied,€as€well€as€their€interpretation€is€summarized€in€theĻfollowing€tables.ĢĢÓĶLÓŌ*qƒ1 ddd Xdd Xdd X$"$"qŌŌ,ndd!ŌŌ,dd!ŌŌ+  ŌŠ  Õč  ……Šņ ņÓ  ÓŌ‡ōƒĘōXXÉńŌDiscorbida€LimestonesŌ#†XÉńXōōƒĘv#Ōó óŠ * 9L ! „„*ŠŌ‡ōƒĘōXXÉńŌDescriptionŠ ¢ ŠThin€bedded,€light„coloured,€massive,€locally€faintly€parallel„laminated.€Bedding€planes€gentlyĻundulating,€sometimes€flat,€frequently€karstified€with€relief€of€5„10€cm,€or€sometimes€leached.Ģņ ņStructure:€ó óbiomicrites/wackestones.€Biota€usually€floats€in€matrix€but€gastropode€lumachellas,Š ‹ž Šand€thin€ostracode€skeletal€laminae€occur€locally.€Molds€of€ostracods€and€dissolved€gastropodsĻare€infilled€with€mosaic€sparry€calcite.€Geopetally€infilled€corrosion€fenestrae€are€abundantĻlocally.€Bioturbation€is€generally€rare.€Ģņ ņBiota:€ó ónumerous€small€discorbids,€compacted€ostracods,€scattered€characean€gyrogonites,Š †™ Šgastropods€and€rare€lamellibranch€debris.€Š  ‡š „„ŠInterpretationŠ ßņ ŠDeposited€in€a€low„energy,€oxygenated€brackish€environment.€Periodic€bottom€currents€(probablyĻstorm„induced)€accumulated€skeletal€grains€that€form€faint€laminae€and€lumachellas.Š  Żš „„ŠEnvironmentŠ 5 H ŠIsolated€brackish€lagoon(s)€or€protected€bay(s).Ō#†XÉńXōōƒĘś#ŌŠ 5 H  ŠĢĢŌ*`ƒ/19 ddndd!dd!1$"$"`ŌŌ,”dd!ŌŌ,ódd!ŌŌ+  ŌŠ  #  €€……Šņ ņÓ  ÓŌ‡ōƒĘōXXÉńŌMiliolida€Limestoneó óŠ &ń# !   &ŠÓq#ÓDescriptionŠ  G%Z! ŠFound€only€in€Orebišaš€section.€Thin€bedded,€brownish„coloured.€Contacts€with€the€underlyingĻfacies€are€transitional.Ģņ ņStructure:ó ó€biomicrites€and€bio„intra„pelmicrites/wackestones,€locally€poorly„washed€sparites.Š C'V $ ŠRandom€distribution€of€allochems,€and€variable€number€of€micrite€intraclasts.€Syntaxial€calciteĻovergrowths€on€echinoderm€plates.€Numerous€spherical€pelletal€grains.€Matrix€micritic,€locallyĻrecrystallized.€Neomorphic€spar€rich€in€micritic€residuals.Ģņ ņBiota:€ó óMiliolids€predominate,€spirolinas€are€locally€abundant,€less€frequent€are€agglutinatedŠ >+Q$( Šforaminifers,€ostracods€and€?€ņņTubyphitesóó.€Characeans€and€perforate€foraminifers€are€poorlyŠ ?,R%) Špreserved.€Lammelibranch€debris€is€rare.€Different€degree€of€skeletal€preservation;€most€skeletalĻgrains€are€affected€by€extensive€micritization€and€sometimes€by€severe€bioerosion.€Rare€dissolvedĻdasycladacean€fragments€and€rare€gastropods€are€preserved€as€sparite„filled€molds.ā āŠ  9/L(, ŠInterpretationŠ  §d ŠSkeletal€fragmentation€due€to€bioerosion?€Micrite€intraclasts€are€produced€by€desiccationĻā āof€temporally€exposed€muds.€Resedimentation€of€debris€was€caused€by€storm„induced€€currents.€ĻŠ  £ ` ŠEnvironmentŠ  ū ø ŠSaline€open€lagoons€with€periodic€influence€of€storms€in€subtidal€depth€range.€Ō#†XÉńXōōƒĘ}##ŌŠ ū ø  ŠĢŌ*`ƒ-10 dd”dd!ódd!/19$"$"`ŌŌ,¼dd!ŌŌ,Ėdd!ŌŌ+  ŌŠ  !Ž ……Šņ ņÓ  ÓŌ‡ōƒĘōXXÉńŌStromatolitesó óŠ !…B! !ŠDescriptionŠ  Ū˜  ŠFrequent€in€Hvar€(12),€but€only€1€level€in€the€Orebišaš€section.€10„30cm€thick,€reddish€to€pinkĻand€white„coloured.€Commonly€overlie€karstified€lms.€with€ostracods,€and€their€growthĻcompensated€relief€of€substrate.€Well€laminated€(LLH),€disturbed€locally€by€synsedimentaryĻfaulting€and€small„scale€folding.Ģņ ņStructure:€ó óthin€irregular€pel„micro„sparite€laminae€alternate€with€fossiliferous€micrite.€SmallŠ Ӑ  Šhorizontal€fenestrae€frequent.€Thin€lensoid€lithoclast€accumulations€are€locally€interlayeredĻwith€stromatolites.€Bundles€of€cyanobacterial€filaments€are€poorly€preserved€in€someĻmicrosparite€laminae.€Alveolar€in€upper€part€with€oval€to€spherical€voids€„mm€to€1cm€in€diameterĻmarking€distinct€levels.€Some€laminae€comprise€undefinable,€tiny€skeletal€debris.Ģņ ņBiota:€ó ópoorly€preserved;€ostracods,€miliolids€and€rare€discorbids.€In€Hvar€section,€stromatolitesŠ Ģ‰ Šhave€colonized€karstified€limestones,€but€near€Orebišaš€they€are€developed€above€unkarstifiedĻMiliolida€Limestones.Š  Ėˆ ŠInterpretationŠ  #ą ŠFormed€by€accretion€of€micrite,€pellets€and€skeletal€debris€on€cyano„bacterial€mats.€UnsteadyĻgrowth€formed€laminae€of€different€thickness.€Alveolar€structure€most€probably€originatedĻfrom€gas€bubbles€formed€by€decay€of€organic€matter.€Disturbances€in€growth€probably€causedĻby€intensive€storms€as€well€as€desiccation.Š  Ś ŠEnvironmentŠ  u 2 ŠņņSupratidalóó€in€Hvar€section,€indicated€by€karstified€substrate€and€lack€of€marine€fauna.€ņņIntertidalóóŠ u 2 Šin€Orebišaš€section,€indicated€by€lack€of€subaerial€exposure€in€their€base,€and€alternation€withĻpoorly€fossiliferous€micrite,€as€well€as€abundant€skeletal€debris€accreted.Ō#†XÉńXōōƒĘƒ*#ŌŠ q".  ŠĢŌ*`ƒ1% dd¼dd!Ėdd!-10$"$"`ŌŌ,|dd!ŌŌ, dd!ŌŌ+  ŌŠ  —$T ……Šņ ņÓ  ÓŌ‡ōƒĘōXXÉńŌBrecciasó óŠ !ū$ø ! !ŠDescriptionŠ  Q&! ŠIn€Hvar€section€only.€Few€cm€to€30cm€thick€lenses€and€interbeds€along€bedding€planes,€frequentlyĻoverlie€karstified€surfaces.€Composed€of€unsorted,€angular€debris€(Discorbida€Limestones,Ļetc.)€of€a€wide€size€range€(mm„dm),€with€only€thin€normal€grading€locally€developed.€MatrixĻis€bauxite€and€fills€karst€caverns€locally,€some€more€than€3m€deep.Š  K)!% ŠInterpretationŠ  £*`"& ŠProduced€by€weathering€of€lithified€sediments.€Negligible€transport€distance€indicated€byĻa€wide€range€of€clast€sizes€and€their€angular€shapes.€Š  ”+^#( ŠEnvironmentŠ  ł,¶$) ŠSupratidal€indicated€by€bauxite€matrix€deposited€during€prolonged€emersions.Ō#†XÉńXōōƒĘŲ2#ŌŠ ł,¶$*  ŠĢńńĢńńÓĶLÓą õ ąSome€upper€bedding€planes€of€Discocyclina€Limestones€are€leached,€and€9€such€surfacesĻwere€recognized€in€the€Hvar€section.€The€colour€of€leached€sediment€is€yellowish€at€the€base€andŠ ÷0“(- Šsomewhat€paler€above.€The€contact€with€the€underlying€unaltered€rock€is€transitional€and€diffuse.ĻThe€overlying€sediments€are€in€a€sharp€contact€with€the€leached€sediment,€but€sometimes€it€is€possibleĻto€see€leaching€products€penetrating€upwards€along€microfissures.Ģą õ ąSome€of€the€upper€bedding€planes€are€karstified€with€very€irregular€relief€and€smaller€andĻbigger€voids€created€in€a€range€from€larger€fenestrae€to€narrow€caverns.€In€most€cases,€cavernsĻand€fenestrae€are€vertical,€sometimes€branching€and€enlarged€along€some€bedding€planes.€CavernsĻhave€penetrated€step„wise€to€a€depth€of€at€least€3m.€Moreover,€some€vertical€caverns€are€cross„cuttingĻseveral€older€weathered€and€karstified€surfaces.€The€width€of€these€paleocaverns€is€to€our€knowledgeĻof€the€order€of€a€few€centimetres€up€to€a€few€decimeters.€The€cavern„fill€is€mostly€bauxitic€withĻlithic€debris€formed€by€corrosion€of€the€host€rocks.Ģń‚ńĢń‚ńSTRATIGRAPHY:€The€Hvar€section€is€stratigraphically€incomplete€(Figs.€2€and€3);€the€base€¼ą0 õ ąof€'Cuisian'€is€missing€due€to€emersion€at€the€K/Tc€boundary€(hiatus€I€in€Figs.€2€and€3),Ļso€the€oldest€sediments€belong€to€the€Middle€'Cuisian'.€The€total€stratigraphic€span€of€theĻKozina„type€Limestones€is€of€the€Middle€to€the€Upper€'Cuisian'€age.€Within€this€time„span,Ļ18€levels€marked€by€subaerial€exposure€are€recognized,€causing€a€significant€reduction€ofĻoverall€sediment€thickness.€The€final€emersion€created€a€hiatus€with€a€duration€extendingĻover€the€whole€Early€Lutetian€(ca.€3€Ma)€(II€in€Figs.€2€and€3),€since€the€deposition€of€theĻoverlying€Foraminiferal€Limestones€started€in€the€Middle€Lutetian.€Š õ$"õ$" Šą õ ąą M ąThe€Orebišaš€section€is€stratigraphically€almost€complete€(Figs.€2€and€3).€The€base€¼ą0 õ ąof€the€section€is€of€probable€Early€'Cuisian'€age.€The€stratigraphic€range€of€the€Kozina„typeĻLimestones€is€?Early€'Cuisian'€„€Early/Middle€Lutetian,€as€constrained€by€age€of€the€overlyingĻForaminiferal€Limestones.€It€this€section,€16€levels€characterized€by€subaerial€exposuresĻwere€recognized.€Š}/(,õ$"õ$" Š‡DISCUSSION:€The€depositional€environment€of€stromatolites€is€usually€interpreted€as€higher€¼ą0 õ ąintertidal€and€supratidal€(James€1984;€Laporte€1967;€Shinn€1983;€Shinn€&€al.€1969),€althoughĻtheir€occurrence€was€reported€from€a€wide€range€of€environments€(eg.€Flgel€1982;€MassariĻ1975;€Williams€1984).€The€karstified€substrate€overgrown€by€stromatolites€and€the€absenceĻof€a€marine€fauna€including€gastropods€in€the€stromatolites€of€the€Hvar€section€indicateĻa€supratidal€environment.€The€lack€of€evidence€of€subaerial€exposure€at€the€base€of€theĻstromatolites€in€the€Orebišaš€section,€as€well€as€their€alternation€with€poorly€fossiliferousĻmicrite,€and€accreted€numerous€fine„grained€skeletal€debris,€indicate€an€intertidal€setting.Š õ$"õ$" Šą õ ąą M ąFrequent€surfaces€of€subaerial€exposures€in€the€Hvar€section€indicate€emersions€¼ą0 õ ąand€intensive€weathering.€Deep€bauxite„€and€breccia„filled€caverns€were€formed€duringĻconsiderably€long€exposures,€unlike€shallow€karstified€surfaces,€fenestrae,€and€leachedĻbedding€planes€that€might€have€formed€during€much€shorter€exposures.€An€unknown€amountĻof€sediments€was€dissolved€and€removed,€so€the€stratigraphic€record€is€very€€incomplete.ĻAlternation€of€restricted€subtidal€with€supratidal€sediments€indicate€frequent€changes€ofĻthe€sea-level.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą M ąSmall€thicknesses€of€stromatolites€are€probably€a€result€of€a€low€subsidence€rateĻand€(possibly)€short„lasting€intervals€of€favourable€conditions€(intertidal€to€supratidal)€thatĻwere€followed€by€rapid€floodings.€Greater€thicknesses€of€individual€facies€in€the€Orebišaš„,Ļcompared€to€the€Hvar€section€indicates€a€higher€subsidence€rate€which€kept€pace€with€theĻrate€of€deposition.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą M ąThe€transitions€from€the€Discocyclina„Limestones€to€the€Miliolida€Limestones€inĻthe€Orebišaš€section€indicate€reestablishment€of€communication€with€the€open€sea€afterĻtemporary€isolation.€Š}/(,õ$"õ$" Š‡ą@Š Š <`ąņ ņForaminiferal€Limestones€(B€in€Figs.€2€and€3)ó óˆŠ ķ ŠńƒńĢńƒńą õ ąThe€foraminiferal€Limestones€can€be€subdivided€into€the€Alveolina€Limestones,€NummuliteĻLimestones€and€Discocyclina€Limestones€(in€relative€stratigraphic€order),€according€to€the€Ļpredominant€occurrence€of€specific€microfossils.€However,€individual€representatives€of€the€typeĻgenera€sporadically€occur€already€in€older€sediments€as€a€subordinate€skeletal€constituent.ĻForaminiferal€Limestones€are€transgressive€over€the€Kozina„type€Limestones€in€the€Hvar€section,Ļbut€their€base€is€unexposed€in€the€Orebišaš€section.Ģą õ ąForaminiferal€Limestones€are€22,5m€and€76,5m€thick€in€the€Hvar„€and€Orebišaš€sections,Ļrespectively.€Alveolina€Limestones€are€not€represented€in€the€Hvar€section€due€to€its€stratigraphicĻincompleteness,€but€in€the€Orebišaš€section€they€alternate€with€limestones€of€the€upper€part€of€theĻKozina„type€Limestones.€ĢÓĶLÓŌ*`ƒ1 dd|dd! dd!1%$"$"`ŌŌ,Ždd!ŌŌ,łdd!ŌŌ+  ŌŠ  5H ……Šņ ņÓ  ÓŌ‡ōƒĘōXXÉńŌForaminiferal€Limestonesó óŠ !™¬! !ŠDescriptionŠ  ļ ŠLight„coloured,€usually€massive,€thick„bedded€in€Hvar„€and€thin„bedded€in€Orebišaš€section.ĻThin„bedded€Alveolina€Limestones€in€Orebišaš€section.Ģņ ņStructure:€ó óbiomicrites/wackestones€to€packstones€with€large€fossil€debris.€On€Hvar„€locallyŠ ėž Šcross„bedded€with€imbricated€nummulitids,€but€parallel„laminated€and€cross„bedded€in€OrebišašĻsection.Ģņ ņBiota:€ó óbenthic€and€pelagic€foraminifers,€echinoderms,€corallinaceans,€bryozoans.€EchinodermsŠ č!ū Šoccur€in€the€lower€part€of€Foraminiferal€Lms.€Faunal€composition€changes€upward:€fromĻAlveolina„,€to€Nummulite„,€and€Discocyclina€Lms.€In€Hvar€section€transgressive,€with€thinĻpebble€lag€above€karstified€Kozina„type€Lms.€In€Orebišaš€section€'transitional'€base€due€toĻinterbedding€with€Miliolida€Lms.€Above€Transitional€Beds,€in€Orebišaš€section€occur€'upper'ĻForaminiferal€Lms.€with€large€foraminifers€scattered€in€packstone€'matrix'€composed€of€tinyĻforaminiferal€debris.Š  ß'ņ $ ŠInterpretationŠ  7)J"% ŠCross„bedding€in€Orebišaš€section€produced€by€currents€probably€initiated€by€major€storms.ĻSkeletal€debris€probably€produced€by€severe€bioerosion.Š  5*H#' ŠEnvironmentŠ  + $( ŠLow„energy,€well€aerated,€open€shelf€below€fair„weather€wave€base.Ō#†XÉńXōōƒĘāK#ŌŠ + $)  ŠĢÓ€ĶLÓń„ńĢń„ńÓ€ÓSTRATIGRAPHY:€The€stratigraphic€completeness€of€the€Hvar€and€Orebišaš€sections€is€different,€¼ą0 õ ąso€the€stratigraphic€range€of€the€Foraminiferal€Limestones€is€also€different.€In€the€HvarŠ ‹/ž(, Šsection,€Foraminiferal€Limestones€were€deposited€in€the€span€from€the€early€Middle€LutetianĻto€the€early€Late€Lutetian€according€to€the€nummulite€fauna,€and€from€the€Early€LutetianĻto€the€late€Middle€Lutetian€in€the€Orebišaš€section.Š õ$"õ$" Šą õ ąą M ąThe€'upper'€Foraminiferal€Limestones€which€overlie€the€Transitional€Beds€in€the€¼ą0 õ ąOrebišaš€section€have€the€Late€Lutetian€age€as€indicated€by€the€stratigraphic€range€of€ņņNummulitesŠ M` Šmaximusóó€(Schaub€1981).Š%8 õ$"õ$" ŠĢDISCUSSION:€The€base€of€Foraminiferal€Limestones€in€the€Hvar€section€is€transgressive,€exhibiting€¼ą0 õ ąan€erosional€unconformity€(paraconformity)€observable€at€the€outcrop€scale€paved€by€aĻdiscontinuous€pebble€lag.€The€transgressive€sediments€are€open„shelf€biogenic€sands,Ļindicating€rapid€transgression€and€flooding€of€a€flat€ravinement€surface€(Swift€1968),€soĻthat€no€transitional€facies€are€preserved.€The€sedimentation€in€the€Orebišaš€section€was€notĻsignificantly€interrupted€after€deposition€of€the€Kozina„type€Limestones€and€prior€to€depositionĻof€the€Foraminiferal€Limestones,€so€the€relationship€of€the€two€facies€associations€isĻtransitional.€These€relationships€illustrate€that€at€the€beginning€of€deposition€of€theĻForaminiferal€Limestones€the€Hvar€section€area€was€emergent,€but€the€Orebišaš€section€areaĻwas€continuously€subsiding€and€no€major€break€in€deposition€occurred.€Consequently,€theĻtotal€thickness€of€the€Foraminiferal€Limestones€is€also€different;€but€in€both€cases€they€areĻmuch€thinner€than€in€other€sections€in€Dalmatia€(ca.€200m,€Korolija€&€al.€1977;€Magaš±šĻ&€Marinšcšišaš€1973).€In€addition€to€the€rate€of€subsidence,€the€thickness€of€sediments€is€aĻfunction€of€a€rate€of€deposition€that€is€(in€this€case)€governed€by€the€biogenic€productivityĻwhich€is€assumed€equal€for€both€areas.Š õ$"õ$" Šą õ ąą M ąThe€alternation€of€€the€Alveolina€Limestones€with€Discorbida€Limestones€indicates€Š }/(, Šą0 õ ądeposition€during€phases€of€better€communication€with€the€open€sea.€The€depth€of€depositionĻwas€of€a€subtidal€range,€below€the€fair-weather€wave-base,€and€probably€near€(or€withinĻ?)€the€tidal€channels€that€supplied€marine€water€and€allowed€stronger€bottom€circulationĻcapable€of€accumulation€and€sorting€of€the€larger€foraminifers.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą M ąMassive€Nummulite„Discocyclina€Limestones€indicate€a€regular€deposition€in€aĻquiet,€well„aerated€environment€with€a€negligible€water€energy.€The€depth€of€depositionĻwas€of€a€subtidal€range,€probably€in€a€photic€zone€as€indirectly€indicated€by€symbiosis€ofĻrecent€nummulitids€with€algae€(Lee€&€al.€1979;€Hallock€1988).€The€water€depth€has€beenĻfrequently€estimated€50-70m€(Belazi€1985;€Bosence€&€al.€1985).€Their€environment€is€usuallyĻinterpreted€as€specialized€monotypic€shallow€'sands'€from€the€platform€edge€(SellwoodĻ1986).€Cross-bedded€skeletal€sand€as€well€as€imbricated€large€foraminifers€probably€originatedĻduring€a€major€storm€that€affected€skeletal€debris€at€the€bottom,€similarly€to€the€'numuliticĻbanks'€described€by€Aigner€(1983,€1985).€This€'event'€interpretation€is€supported€by€theĻsmall€thickness€of€cross-bedded€sediments,€and€by€the€restriction€to€just€one€bed.Š õ$"õ$" ŠĢą@$ $ ?`ąņ ņTransitional€Beds€(C€in€Figs.€2€and€3)ó óˆŠ •"Ø ŠĢą õ ąThe€Foraminiferal€Limestones€are€overlain€by€the€so„called€Transitional€Beds€(š°šikišaš€1965)Ļconsisting€of:€1)€'marls€with€crabs'€(Transitional€Beds€ņņsensu€strictoóó,€see€Jurašcšišaš€1980),€and€2)Š (0!$ ŠGlobigerina€Marls.€Due€to€a€high€glauconite€content€the€lower€unit€is€commonly€referred€to€asĻthe€Glauconite€Limestones€(Magdalenišaš€1971).€Their€position€between€the€underlying€ForaminiferalĻLimestones€and€the€overlying€Flysch€Formation€makes€them€'transitional'.€It€is€generally€acceptedĻthat€they€reflect€progressive€deepening€of€the€sedimentary€environment.Š }/(, Šą õ ąThe€transitional€Beds€are€about€11m€thick€in€the€Hvar„,€and€about€15m€thick€in€the€OrebišašĻsection.€In€both€sections€they€are€represented€only€by€their€lower€member,€but€no€fossil€crabs€haveĻbeen€found.Ģą õ ąIn€the€Hvar€section,€the€Transitional€Beds€have€a€peculiar€contact€with€the€underlyingĻForaminiferal€Limestones.€Here€occurs€a€thin€synsedimentary€breccia€as€infill€of€fissures€and€voidsĻin€the€Foraminiferal€Limestone,€as€well€as€in€the€Transitional€Beds.€The€lithic€debris€are€platy,Ļsharp-edged€and€normally€graded€and€cemented€by€sparry€calcite.€The€size€of€individual€fragmentsĻlocally€equals€to€the€width€of€some€cavities€and€their€lithology€corresponds€to€that€of€the€host€sediment.ĻBreccia„filled€caverns€and€fissures€are€crudely€bedding-parallel,€but€vertical€and€steeply€inclinedĻfissures€also€occur.€Their€walls€are€sharp,€may€cut€the€fossils€and€morphologically€resemble€someĻkarst€caverns.€ĢÓĶLÓĢŌ*`ƒ#1$ ddŽdd!łdd!1 $"$"`ŌŌ,dd!ŌŌ,dd!ŌŌ+  ŌŠ  gz ……Šņ ņÓ  ÓŌ‡ōƒĘōXXÉńŌTransitional€Bedsó óŠ !ĖŽ! !ŠDescriptionŠ  !4 ŠThin„bedded,€bedding€irregularities€increase€upwards€in€Hvar€section.€Thick€regular€bedsĻin€Orebišaš€section.€Ģņ ņStructure:€ó óbiomicrites/wackestones€to€packstones€with€numerous€equi„dimensional€smallŠ  0 Šskeletal€debris.€Authigenic€glauconite€is€frequent€to€numerous.€Clay€content€increases€upwards.Ģņ ņBiota:€ó ópoorly€preserved;€benthic€foraminifers,€ostracods,€bryozoans,€lamellibranchs,Š "/ Šcorallinaceans,€spiculas.€Frequent€globigerinas€and€other€planktonics,€and€their€number€increasingĻupwards.€Rare€gastropods€and€echinoderms.€Locally€intensively€bioturbated.€Š  $.  ŠInterpretationŠ  s%†! ŠSkeletal€debris€most€probably€produced€by€severe€bioerosion.€Most€shallowmarine€biota€seemsĻallochtonous,€only€pelagics€deposited€by€'pelagic€rain'.€Gradual€increase€of€planktonics€andĻmarl€content€indicates€progressive€deepening.Š  o'‚ $ ŠEnvironmentŠ  Ē(Ś!% Šdeep€subtidal€with€negligible€water€energy.€Progressive€deepening.Ō#†XÉńXōōƒĘéf#ŌŠ Ē(Ś!&  ŠĢĢÓĶLÓSTRATIGRAPHY:€The€deposition€of€the€Transitional€Beds€in€the€Hvar€section€started€in€the€¼ą0 õ ąLate€Lutetian€and€the€first€overlying€clastics€were€deposited€by€the€end€of€the€BartonianĻ-€at€the€end€of€the€NP€17€nannozone.€The€stratigraphic€range€of€Transitional€Beds€in€theŠ Ļ/ā(, ŠOrebišaš€section€extends€from€the€late€Middle€Lutetian€to€the€Late€Lutetian.Š õ$"õ$" ŠĢDISCUSSION:€The€breccia„filled€fissures€from€the€base€of€the€Transitional€Beds€in€the€Hvar€¼ą0 õ ąsection€may€have€formed€during€the€tensional€fracturing€of€the€early€lithified€sediments,Ļand€these€may€have€been€widened€to€some€extent€by€karstification.€Normal€grading€in€brecciaĻindicates€that€debris€were€transported€and€did€not€form€by€the€ņņin€situóó€brecciation.€However,Š %8  Šthe€debris€are€never€rounded,€so€distance€and€duration€of€the€transport€must€have€been€short.Š õ$"õ$" Šą õ ąą M ąThe€depositional€depth€range€of€€the€Transitional€Beds€must€have€been€wide€because€¼ą0 õ ąof€the€position€above€the€typical€platform€shallow„marine€deposits€and€below€typical€deep„¼marine€deposits€of€the€Flysch€Formation.€The€accurate€depth€is€hard€to€estimate,€but€theirĻdeposition€must€have€started€in€rather€shallow€sea€(deep€shelf€€below€the€fair„weather€waveĻbase)€as€indicated€by€the€benthic€fauna,€and€ended€(in€general)€at€rather€great€depths€withĻno€autochthonous€benthic€fauna.€Š õ$"õ$" Šą õ ąą M ąIrregular€bedding€and€lenticularity€at€the€upper€part€of€the€Hvar€section€may€have€¼ą0 õ ąbeen€caused€by€compaction€solution€as€well€as€carbonate€dissolution€and€migration.€GlauconiteĻgrains€are€traditionally€considered€as€indicators€of€deepening,€but€their€formation€is€controlledĻby€moderate€temperatures€(15„20š$šC),€low€sedimentation€rate,€low€alkalinity€(pH€7„8)€(McŠ m$€  ŠRae€1972)€and€it€occurs€in€a€wide€depth€range€(30„250m€Mc€Rae€1972;€60„1000m€OdinĻ&€Fullgar€1988;€30„700m€Porrenga€1967).€According€to€the€€planktonics/€benthics€ratioĻJurašcšišaš€(1980)€interpreted€the€depositional€depth€of€the€Transitional€Beds€from€the€IstrianĻEocene€as€a€60-100m€deep€shelf€at€the€beginning,€and€about€1000m,€or€deeper€by€the€endĻof€their€deposition.€It€is€possible€to€conclude€that€this€facies€originated€in€a€very€wide€depthĻrange,€and€documents€progressive€deepening€and€subsidence€of€the€carbonate€platform.Š}/(,õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą M ąSince€the€Globigerina€Marls€(known€from€most€of€the€Adriatic€Eocene€basins,€JurašcšišašĻ1980;€š°šikišaš€1965)€are€not€preserved,€it€is€possible€to€speculate€about€another€shallowingĻepisode€that€resulted€in€emersion€and€severe€erosion.€The€indirect€evidence€of€shallowingĻand€emersion€is€the€hiatus€III€(Figs.€2€and€3)€representing€a€time„span€corresponding€toĻalmost€the€whole€of€Bartonian€(approx.€3€Ma),€as€indicated€by€the€age€of€the€overlying€FlyschĻin€the€Hvar€section.€The€direct€evidence€for€this€is€the€occurrence€of€the€'upper'€ForaminiferalĻLimestones€in€the€Orebišaš€section€where€carbonate€deposition€ceased€by€emersion€of€unknownĻduration€(hiatus€II€in€Figs.€2€and€3).Š õ$"õ$" ŠĢń…ńĢĢń…ńą@E`ąņ ņFlysch€(D€in€Figs.€2€and€3)ó óˆŠ …˜ Šń†ńĢń†ńą õ ąAbove€the€Transitional€Beds€occurs€several€hundred€meters€thick€flysch.€Its€relationshipĻwith€the€underlying€sediments€is€locally€transgressional€as€well€as€transitional€(see€discussionsĻin€Marinšcšišaš€1981€and€š°šikišaš€1965).€Some€depositional€characteristics€of€the€flysch€in€northern€DalmatiaĻhave€been€recently€described€by€Babišaš€&€Zupanišcš€(1983),€in€the€broad€Adriatic€region€by€MarinšcšišašĻ(1981)€,€and€in€the€coastal€Middle€Dalmatia€by€Marjanac€(1986,€1989,€1990,€1991).Ģą õ ąMarinšcšišaš€(1981)€stated€that€Flysch€on€the€Island€of€Hvar€was€deposited€above€a€12m€thickĻbreccia€which€overlies€the€Senonian€carbonates,€but€in€the€section€described€herein€this€is€not€theĻcase.€The€Flysch€in€the€ņņHvar€sectionóó€lies€in€an€erosive€contact€on€the€underlying€Transitional€BedsŠ E&X" Šand€1,5m€thick€coarse„grained€rudite€marks€its€base.€The€base€of€the€rudite€is€clearly€erosive€(concave„¼upwards€lower€bedding€plane)€with€ca.€10cm€wide,€regularly€spaced,€shallow€grooves,€but€no€angularĻunconformity€was€observed.€The€orientation€of€the€grooves€indicates€a€NE„SW€scour.€The€ruditeĻis€composed€of€mixed€lithic€and€skeletal€debris€with€a€crude€upcurrent€imbrication€developed€inĻthe€lower€part€of€the€bed,€indicating€palaeotransport€towards€SE.€The€geometry€of€the€lower€beddingŠ }/(, Šplane€suggests€that€the€sediment€represents€a€shallow€channel-fill.€Ģą õ ąAbove€the€'basal'€rudite,€30m€of€thick€marls€with€a€small€number€of€rudite-arenaceous€interbedsĻwere€deposited,€as€well€as€several€hemipelagite/pelagite€layers€of€highly€carbonate€marls€that€reachingĻ80cm€in€thickness.Ģą õ ąAbove€the€karstified€'upper'€Foraminiferal€Limestones,€in€the€Orebišaš€section€20„50m€thickĻ(prevailingly€covered)€silty€marls€were€deposited.€The€lower€part€of€the€Flysch€is€unexposed,€andĻthe€clastic€sequence€was€not€studied€in€detail.€However,€in€the€lower€part€of€the€sequence€severalĻmeters€thick€calcareous€turbidites€with€clear€evidence€of€flow€reflections€were€recognized.ĢĢSTRATIGRAPHY:€Deposition€of€the€Flysch€started€first€in€Istria€and€is€getting€younger€towards€Ļą0 õ ąSE€(Benišaš€1983,€Drobne€1979,€Drobne€&€Pavlovec€1991,€Drobne€&€Pavš±šišcš€1991,€Proto„¼Decima€&€Piccoli€1969).€Its€deposition€in€Middle€Dalmatia€started€during€the€BartonianĻ(in€the€NP€17€nannozone)€(Benišaš€1983,€Puš±škarišaš€1987).Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą M ąHerak€&€al.€(1976)€and€Kraš±šeninnikov€&€al.€(1968)€dated€the€Hvar€flysch€byĻassemblages€of€the€planktonic€foraminifers,€and€recognized€the€Late€Eocene€(Priabonian)Š ½ Š ŠņņGlobigerina€corpulenta€óóbiozone€(equivalent€of€Bolli's€€ņņG.€semiinvoluta€óóbiozone).€MarinšcšišašŠ •"Ø Š(1981)€held€that€deposition€started€during€the€NP€18€nannozone€(and€quoted€its€Late€EoceneĻto€the€Early€Oligocene€age),€but€Puš±škarišaš€(1987)€documented€its€start€already€during€theĻNP€17€nannozone€(Bartonian).€However,€the€recent€exploration€of€one€of€the€authors€(J.B.)Ļshowed€that€clastic€deposition€on€the€Hvar€section€was€initiated€at€the€end€of€NP€17€nannozoneĻand€continued€into€the€NP€18€nannozone.€The€latter€is€represented€only€in€a€thin€lithologicĻinterval,€and€deposition€continued€through€the€NP€19€nannozone.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą M ąIn€the€Orebišaš€section,€deposition€of€the€Flysch€started€earlier€€namely€during€theŠ }/(, ŠNP€17€nannozone,€similarly€as€in€the€Split€region€(Benišaš€1983).Š õ$"õ$" ŠĢDISCUSSION:€The€deposition€of€the€Flysch€in€both€sections€started€after€a€significant€deepening,€¼ą0 õ ąmost€probably€caused€by€a€tectonical€disintegration€of€the€carbonate€platform€(MarinšcšišašĻ1981;€and€for€the€neighbouring€Split€region,€Marjanac€1991).€A€tectonical€cause€is€favouredĻover€an€eustatic€one€due€to€lack€of€synchronism€of€the€base€of€the€Flysch€even€in€a€smallĻarea€as€this.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą M ąDeposition€must€have€been€well€below€the€storm€wave€base€because€the€precedingĻTransitional€Beds€already€lack€any€evidence€of€the€wave€action.€Depositional€environmentĻwas€topographically€restricted€as€suggested€by€great€thicknesses€of€the€marls€interpretedĻas€deposits€of€the€ponded€turbidity€current€tails€(eg.€Blanpied€&€Stanley€1981,€Kuenen€1968,ĻStanley€&€Maldonado€1981)€and€some€turbidites€originated€from€the€reflected€flows.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą M ąSporadic€occurrence€of€the€resedimented€older€nannoplankton€(eg.€of€the€Early€EoceneĻand€Palaeocene€ages)€indicates€on€Paleogene€uplift€and€erosion€in€a€neighbouring€area.€Š õ$"õ$" ŠĢą@© © A`ąņ ņRECONSTRUCTION€OF€SEA„LEVEL€CHANGESó óˆŠ •"Ø ŠĢą õ ąThe€base€of€the€Eocene€at€both€sections€is€characterized€by€a€major€hiatus€(I)€that€comprisesĻthe€whole€Palaeocene€and€the€main€part€of€the€Early€Eocene€in€the€Hvar€section.€The€time„spanĻin€the€Orebišaš€section€is€similar€(Fig.€3).€This€time„span€correlates€with€the€third„order€cycles€(TA)Ļ1.1€to€2.7€on€the€chart€of€Haq€&€al.€(1987).€However,€it€is€not€possible€to€assign€the€break€inĻsedimentation€to€one€distinct€sea„level€fall.Ģą õ ąDeposition€started€in€response€to€sea„level€rise€that€first€created€brackish€lagoons,€marshesŠ }/(, Šand€flooded€bays€(incised€valleys?)€where€Kozina„type€Limestones€were€formed.€The€reduced€thicknessĻof€carbonates€in€the€Hvar€section€indicates€deposition€during€a€period€when€the€sea€was€near€itsĻlowest€level€and€subsidence€created€very€restricted€accommodation€space.€During€this€period€evenĻa€minor€sea„level€fall€could€lead€to€exposure€which€eventually€caused€leaching€or€karstification.ĻThe€favourable€conditions€were€met€during€regional€lowstand,€while€minor€oscillations€were€probablyĻfourth„order€cycles.€The€difference€in€thickness€of€the€preserved€sediments€in€the€Hvar„€and€OrebišašĻsections€reflects€variations€in€a€subsidence€rate.Ģń‡ńĢń‡ńą õ ąThe€Kozina„type€Limestones€were€deposited€through€Haq's€cycles€TA€2.8€to€the€lower€partĻof€the€TA€3.1€(Fig.€3).€Their€deposition€was€affected€by€17€emersions€in€the€Hvar„€and€16€emersionsĻin€the€Orebišaš€section€(Fig.€2).€This€karstification€locally€created€rather€complex€micro„cavernousĻsystems€with€depth€of€several€meters,€what€gives€a€crude€estimate€of€the€fall€in€the€water€table.ĻStromatolite„forming€cyanobacteria€colonized€the€karstified€substrate€in€the€Hvar€section€area€mostĻprobably€at€the€end€of€a€subaerial€phase,€when€the€ground„waters€rose€in€response€to€sea„level€rise,Ļas€indicated€by€lack€of€any€marine€fauna€between€laminae.€Stromatolites€were€eventually€drownedĻand€lagoonal€sediments€deposited€above.€It€is€not€possible€to€assign€recognized€subaerial€exposuresĻto€known€sea„level€falls.€The€contact€of€Kozina„type€Limestones€below€and€Foraminiferal€LimestonesĻabove€is€characterized€by€a€major€hiatus€(in€the€Hvar€section)€which€comprises€the€Lower€LutetianĻ(TA€3.1€and€3.2€cycles€of€Haq€&€al.€1987)€and€was€probably€€caused€by€sea„level€fall€at€48,5€Ma.Ģą õ ąThe€transgression€of€the€Foraminiferal€Limestones€correlates€with€the€TA€3.3€cycle,€(possiblyĻTA€3.2€cycle€in€the€Orebišaš€section)€(Fig.€2)€and€resulted€from€a€renewed€sea„level€rise.€DifferenceĻin€thickness€of€the€Foraminiferal€Limestones€in€the€sections€studied,€is€again€attributed€to€differenceĻin€creation€of€the€new€accommodation€space€assuming€the€biogenic€productivity€remained€the€same.ĻSince€transgressive€sediments€are€missing€(except€a€pebble€lag),€most€of€the€deposition€of€theŠ }/(, ŠForaminiferal€Limestones€occurred€during€a€highstand,€that€is€also€a€period€of€maximal€biogenicĻproductivity€(Mullins€1983).€New€shallowing€occurred€near€the€end€of€the€deposition€of€theĻForaminiferal€Limestones€in€the€Hvar€section,€as€indicated€by€an€increase€in€energy€and€by€theĻoccurrence€of€cross„bedding.€This€shallowing€was€caused€by€a€sea„level€fall€(possibly€at€44€Ma)Ļwhich€locally€lead€to€subaerial€exposures,€such€as€observed€in€the€Hvar€section,€and€it€initiatedĻdeposition€of€the€'upper'€Foraminiferal€Limestones€in€the€Orebišaš€section.€This€subaerial€exposureĻwas€presumably€short„lasting,€because€no€significant€hiatus€could€be€documented€at€this€level.Ģą õ ąThe€overlying€Transitional€Beds€indicate€progressive€deepening,€and€their€deposition€inĻthe€Orebišaš€section€correlates€with€the€Haq's€cycle€TA€3.3,€and€TA€3.4€in€the€Hvar€section€(Fig.Ļ3).€Thus,€their€deposition€occurred€during€a€period€of€sea„level€rise€which€was€accompanied€byĻa€stronger€subsidence.€Shallowing€that€caused€deposition€of€the€'upper'€Foraminiferal€LimestonesĻin€the€Orebišaš€section€culminated€in€emersion€and€karstification€(possibly€caused€by€a€fall€of€theĻsea„level€at€40,5€Ma€(Bartonian))€which€created€a€major€hiatus€comprising€TA€3.5€and€the€€mainĻpart€of€the€TA€3.6€cycle€on€the€Hvar€section,€and€TA€3.5€cycle€in€the€Orebišaš€section.Ģ€ą õ ąThe€deposition€of€the€Flysch€in€the€Hvar€section€started€1,4€Ma€later€than€on€the€OrebišašŠ ½ Š Šsection,€indicating€a€wider€time„span€of€the€hiatus€at€its€base.€The€base€of€the€Flysch€in€the€HvarĻsection€is€characterized€by€a€'basal'€breccia€preserved€in€a€shallow€channel,€that€was€probably€formedĻduring€transgression,€the€grooves€being€similar€to€those€described€by€Cheel€&€Middleton€(1993).ĻThe€abundance€of€lithical€debris€indicates€an€activation€of€terrigenous€sources,€and€that€is€probablyĻrelated€with€a€sea„level€fall€at€the€base.€The€deposition€of€clastics€started€with€thick€marls€withĻa€pervasive€pelagic€fauna.€The€lack€of€any€terrigenous€debris€indicates€good€isolation€most€probablyĻcaused€by€deepening€during€rapid€sea„level€rise.€The€reduced€thickness€of€the€NP€18€sedimentsĻsuggests€condensed€sedimentation€probably€related€to€a€sea„level€highstand.€Hemipelagic/pelagicŠ }/(, Šlimy€marls€were€deposited€during€maximal€flooding€(periods€when€the€rate€€of€sea„level€rise€wasĻhighest).€Ģń‰ńĢń‰ńńˆńĢĢĢĢńˆńńŠńĢńŠńą@üüM`ąņ ņDISCUSSIONó óˆŠ u ˆ ŠĢą õ ąThe€Miliolida€Limestones€are€very€thin€and€do€not€represent€a€mappable€unit,€and€thereforeĻwere€not€treated€as€individual€lithostratigraphic€unit.Ģą õ ąSince€the€lowest€part€of€the€Flysch€succession€on€the€Orebišaš€section€comprises€thick€marls,Ļit€is€obvious€that€deposition€took€place€in€a€restricted€'ponded'€part€of€the€basin,€without€terrigenousĻinfluence€during€the€early€stage€of€its€evolution.€The€deposition€of€Flysch€in€the€Hvar€section€startedĻwith€a€thick€'basal'€bed€containing€lithoclasts€and€large€quantity€of€resedimented€skeletal€debris,Ļthat€contrasts€with€'ponded'€marls€observed€in€many€other€localities€(Marjanac€1991)€as€well€asĻon€the€Orebišaš€section.€I€assume€that€this€sediment€represents€an€erosional€remnant€of€a€lowstandĻwedge€eroded€by€ravinement€processes,€and€may€be€related€to€much€thicker€breccias€reported€byĻMarinšcšišaš€(1981).€Ģą õ ąThe€hiati€within€the€Eocene€sediments€lead€previous€researchers€to€introduce€severalĻintra-Eocene€orogenic€phases,€such€as€the€Istrian-Dalmatian€phase€at€the€boundary€between€theĻ'Marls€with€crabs'€and€the€Globigerina€Marls€of€the€Transitional€Beds€(that€broadly€correspondsĻto€the€hiatus€III),€and€Khun's€Ilirian€phase€at€the€boundary€between€the€Flysch€and€the€ProminaĻFormation€(š°šikišaš€1965,€1968,€1969).€š°šikišaš€stated€that€the€Istrian-Dalmatian€phase€caused€foldingĻand€uplift€followed€by€deposition€of€continental€sediments€and€resedimentation,€and€that€the€overlyingĻflysch€was€deposited€as€a€transgressive€unit;€but€that€Khun's€Ilirian€phase€has€caused€only€upliftĻwithout€folding.€Although€these€phases€were€considered€as€tectonic,€and€considerable€effort€wasŠ }/(, Šmade€to€illustrate€tectonical€features€produced€by€the€Istrian-Dalmatian€phase€(š°šikišaš€1965)€it€isĻpossible€to€assign€these€hiati€to€sea-level€falls.Ģń‹ńĢń‹ńĢ€ą@‚‚M`ąņ ņCONCLUSIONSó óˆŠ u ˆ ŠńŒńĢńŒńńńĢńńą õ ąThe€succession€of€the€Eocene€sediments€studied€in€the€Hvar„€and€Pelješ±šac€sections€reflectsĻsea„level€oscillations€and€numerous€breaks€of€sedimentation.€Each€of€the€formations€studied€hasĻbeen€deposited€under€the€influence€of€oscillating€sea„level.€Biostratigraphy€documented€highĻstratigraphic€incompleteness€of€the€succession€explored,€in€spite€of€apparently€continuousĻsedimentation€during€the€Eocene€suggested€by€the€'classical'€stratigraphic€succession.Ģą õ ąMost€of€the€sea„level€oscillations€which€resulted€in€the€subaerial€exposures€affected€theĻdeposition€of€the€Kozina„type€Limestones,€that€were€interpreted€as€of€brackish€lagoonal€and€intertidalĻto€supratidal€origin.€Some€hiatuses€are€correlated€over€65€km€of€the€present„day€section€distanceĻand€attributed€to€some€of€the€sea„level€falls€recognized€by€Haq€&€al.€(1987).€However,€most€ofĻthe€subaerial€exposures€cannot€be€attributed€to€known€sea„level€falls€due€to€the€poor€biostratigraphicĻcontrol.€The€Foraminiferal€Limestones€were€deposited€transgressively€over€a€ravinement€surfaceĻon€top€of€the€Kozina„type€Limestones.€Most€of€the€Foraminiferal€Limestones€were€deposited€duringĻa€highstand€on€a€low„energy€open€shelf,€but€near€the€end€of€their€deposition€a€new€sea„level€fallĻoccurred.€The€transitional€Beds€of€deep€subtidal€origin€were€deposited€above,€and€mark€progressiveĻdeepening,€but€their€deposition€was€aborted€by€a€sea„level€fall€which€caused€one€of€the€major€hiatiĻin€the€Hvar€section,€and€induced€the€deposition€of€the€'upper'€Foraminiferal€Limestones€in€the€OrebišašĻsection.€The€latter€deposition€ceased€due€to€new€sea„level€fall€and€subaerial€exposure.€Flysch€wasĻtransgressively€deposited€after€rather€rapid€deepening€which€was€primarily€caused€by€tectonicŠ …/˜(, Šdisintegration€of€the€carbonate€platform.€The€generation€of€limy€marls€is€attributed€to€periods€ofĻmaximal€flooding€(or€fastest€sea„level€rise).Ģą õ ąThe€small€thicknesses€of€the€facies€units,€the€discontinuous€sedimentation€and€the€numerousĻsubaerial€exposures€in€the€Eocene€succession€of€the€Hvar€section€indicate€deposition€on€a€slowlyĻsubsiding€structural€block.€The€subaerial€exposures,€at€least€most€of€them,€were€primarily€causedĻby€eustatic€sea„level€changes,€probably€of€the€III€and€IV€order€as€indicated€by€the€small€thicknessesĻof€sediments€and€by€the€lack€of€evidence€of€synsedimentary€tectonics.€Larger€thicknesses€of€theĻEocene€sediments€on€the€Orebišaš€section€indicate€higher€subsidence€and€possibly€a€more€labile€tectonicĻsetting.€Tectonics€played€a€significant€role€in€deepening€before€and€during€deposition€of€theĻTransitional€Beds,€and€at€the€beginning€of€flysch€deposition.€The€final€disintegration€of€the€carbonateĻplatform€was€diachronous€in€the€explored€sections,€so€in€the€Orebišaš€section€it€occurred€ca.€1,4€MaĻearlier€than€in€the€Hvar€section.ĢĢą@  K`ąņ ņACKNOWLEDGMENTSó óˆŠ åų ŠĢą õ ąThis€paper€is€a€product€of€the€research€Project€no.€1„09„084€funded€by€The€Ministry€of€ScienceĻof€The€Republic€of€Croatia.€We€highly€acknowledge€the€support€of€our€institutions.€Thanks€areĻalso€due€to€Dr.€Lucas€Hottinger€for€his€careful€review.ĢĢņ ņÓ  ÓŠ õ)#& ŠÓ  ÓREFERENCESó óŠ ķ ŠÓ  ÓĢAigner,€T.€(1983):€Facies€and€origin€of€nummulitic€buildups:€an€example€from€the€Giza€Pyramids€¼ą0 õ ąPlateau€(Middle€Eocene€Egypt).€N.€Jb.€Geol.€Palaont.€Abh.€166/3,€347-368,Stuttgart.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąAigner,€T.€(1985):€Biofacies€as€Dynamic€Indicators€in€Nummulite€Accumulations.€Jour.€Sed.€Petrol.Ļ55/1,€130-134,€Tulsa.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąBabišaš,€Lj.€&€Zupanišcš,€J.€(1983):€Palaeogene€Clastic€Formations€in€Northern€Dalmatia.€In:ĻContributions€to€Sedimentology€of€some€Carbonate€and€Clastic€Units€of€the€Coastal€Dinarides.Ļ(eds.€Babišaš,€Lj.€&€Jelaska,€V.)€Excursion€Guide€Book.€4.€I.A.S.€Reg.€Mtg.€Split,€37-61.Š õ$"õ$" 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ąDrobne,€K.€&€Pavš±šišcš,€J.€(1991):€Clastic€carbonate€deposits€in€SW€Slovenia€and€Istria.€In:€IntroductionĻto€the€Palaeogene€SW€Slovenia€and€Istria,€Field-Trip€guidebook€IGCP€Proj.€286€"EarlyĻPalaeogene€benthos",€2€nd.€meeting€Postojna€(Slovenia,€Istria)€1991,€19-21,€Postojna.Š õ$"õ$" ŠFlgel,€E.€(1982):€Microfacies€Analysis€of€Limestones.€Springer€Verl.,€Berlin,€XIV+633.Š }/(, Šą0 õ ąą  ąGuš±šišaš,€I.€&€Jelaska,€V.€(1990):€Stratigrafija€gornjokrednih€naslaga€otoka€Brašcša€u€okviru€€geodinamskeĻevolucije€Jadranske€karbonatne€platforme.€Djela€Jug.€Akad.€Znan.€Umj.€69,€7-160,€Zagreb.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąHallock,€P.€(1988):€Diversification€in€algal€symbiont„bearing€Foraminifera:€a€response€to€oligotrophy?ĻRevue€de€Paleontologie,€2,€789„797.Š õ$"õ$" ŠHaq,€B.U.,€Hardebol,€J.€&€Vail,€P.R.€(1987):€Chronology€of€Fluctuating€Sea€Levels€Since€¼ą0 õ ąthe€Triassic.€Science,€235,€1156-1166.Š õ$"õ$" ŠHerak,€M.,€Marinšcšišaš,€S€&€Polš±šak,€A.€(1976):€Geologija€otoka€Hvara.€Acta€geol.€9/1€(Prir.€¼ą0 õ ąistr.€42),€5-14,€Zagreb.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąJames,€N.P.€(1984):€Shallowing-Upward€Sequences€in€Carbonates.€In:€Facies€Models.€II€ed€(ed.ĻWalker,€R.G.).€Geoscience€Canada,€Toronto,€213-228.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąJurašcšišaš,€M.€(1980):€Dubina€sedimentacije€"lapora€s€rakovicama"€iz€odnosa€planktonskih€i€bentišcškihĻforaminifera.€Geol.€vjesnik€31€(1979),€61-67,€Zagreb.Š õ$"õ$" ŠKorolija,€B.,€Borovišaš,€I.,€Grimani,€I.€&€Marinšcšišaš,€S.€(1976):€Osnovna€geološ±ška€karta€SFRJ€¼ą0 õ ą1:100000,€List€Koršcšula€K33-47,€Inst.€geol.€istr.€Zagreb,€Savezni€geol.€zavod,€Beograd.Š õ$"õ$" ŠKorolija,€B.,€Borovišaš,€I.,€Grimani,€I,€Marinšcšišaš,€S.,€Jagašcšišaš,€T.,€Magaš±š,€N.€&€Milanovišaš,€M.€¼ą0 õ ą(1977):€Osnovna€geološ±ška€karta€SFRJ€1:100000,€Tumašcš€za€listove€Lastovo€K33-46,€KoršcšulaĻK33-47€i€PalagrušĻša€K33-57.€5-53,€Inst.€geol.€istr.€Zagreb,€Savezni€geol.€zavod,€Beograd.Š õ$"õ$" ŠKraš±šeninnikov,€V.A.,€Mudini-MamušĻšišaš,€S.€&€DšĻšodšĻšo-Tomišaš,€R.€(1968):€Znašcšaj€planktonskih€¼ą0 õ ąforaminifera€za€podjelu€paleogena€Jugoslavije€i€poredba€s€drugim€istrašĻšenim€podrušcšjima.ĻGeol.€vjesnik,€21€(1967),€117-146,€Zagreb.Š õ$"õ$" ŠKuenen,€Ph.H.€(1968):€Turbidity€Currents€and€Organisms.€Eclogae€geol.€Helv.,€61/2,€525„¼ą0 õ ą544,€Basel.Š õ$"õ$" ŠLaporte,€L.F.€(1967):€Carbonate€deposition€near€mean-sea-level€and€resultant€facies€mosaic:€Š }/(, Šą0 õ ąManlius€formation€(lower€Devonian)€of€New€York€State.€A.A.P.G.€Bull.,€51/1,€73-101,ĻTulsa.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąLee,€J.J.,€McEnery,€M.E.,€Kahn,€E.G.€&€Schuster,€F.L.€(1979):€Symbiosis€and€evolution€of€largerĻforaminifera.€Micropalentology,€25/2,€118-140,€New€York.Š õ$"õ$" ŠMagaš±š,€N.€&€Marinšcšišaš,€S.€(1973):€Osnovna€geološ±ška€karta€SFRJ€1:100000,€Tumašcš€za€listove€¼ą0 õ ąSplit€i€Primoš±šten,€K33-20€i€K33„21.€5„21,€Inst.€geol.€istr.€Zagreb,€Savezni€geol.€zavod,ĻBeograd.Š õ$"õ$" ŠMagdalenišaš,€Z.€(1971):€Sedimentologija€fliš±ša€srednje€Istre.€Msc.€Thesis,€University€of€Zagreb,€€¼ą0 õ ą1-65.Š õ$"õ$" 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ŠMc€Rae,€S.G.€(1972):€Glauconite.€Earth„Sci.€Rev.,€8/4,€397„440,€Amsterdam.ĢMuldini-MamušĻšišaš,€S.€(1971):€Biostratigrafija€paleogenskih€naslaga€š±šireg€podrušcšja€Zadra.€¼ą0 õ ąNafta,€22/4-5,€262-269,€Zagreb.Š}/(,õ$"õ$" ŠMullins,€H.T.€(1983):€Comments€and€Reply€on€"Eustatic€control€of€turbidites€an€winnowed€¼ą0 õ ąturbidites".€Geology,€11,€57-58.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąOdin,€G.S.€&€Fullagar,€P.D.€(1988):€Geological€significance€of€the€glaucony€facies.€In:€Green€MarineĻClays€(ed.€by€Odin,€G.S.).€Developments€in€Sedimentology,€45,€295„332,€Amsterdam.Š õ$"õ$" ŠPavlovec,€R.€(1968):€Paleogenske€plasti€v€Sloveniji.€I€kol.€geol.€Dinarida€1,€123-127,€Ljubljana.Ģą0 õ ąą  ąPavlovec,€R.€&€Plenišcšar,€M.€(1981):€The€boundary€between€Cretaceous€and€Tertiary€in€the€limestoneĻbeds€of€the€West€Dinarides.€Rudarsko„Metalurš±ški€Zbornik,€28/1,€25„31,€Ljubljana.Š õ$"õ$" ŠProto-Decima,€F.€&€Piccoli,€G.€(1969):€La€sedimentazione€clastica€flyshoide€del€Palaeogene€¼ą0 õ ąnel€Veneto€si€€spostata€nel€tempo€in€prosecuzione€con€quella€della€costa€orientale€dell'Š ­Ą ŠAdriatico?€III€Simp.€Din.€Asoc.€1,€179-202,€Zagreb.Š õ$"õ$" ŠPorrenga,€D.H.€(1967):€Glauconite€and€chamozite€as€depth€indicators€in€the€marine€environment.€¼ą0 õ ąMarine€Geology,€5/5/6,€495-501,€Amsterdam.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąPuš±škarišaš,€S.€(1987):€Calcareous€nannoplankton€from€clastic€sediments€of€the€Island€of€Hvar.€RadĻJug.€Akad.€Znan.€Umj.,€22€(431),€7-16,€Zagreb.Š õ$"õ$" ŠSalopek,€M.€(1928):€Eocenska€sinklinala€na€otoku€Hvaru.€Geografski€vestnik,€3/1-4,€95-103,€¼ą0 õ ąLjubljana.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąSalopek,€M.€(1931):€Eocenska€sinklinala€od€grada€Hvara€do€Dubovice.€Rad€Jug.€Akad.€Znan.€Umj.,Ļ241€(74),€69-80,€Zagreb.€€€Š õ$"õ$" ŠSchaub,€H.€(1981):€Nummulites€and€Assilina€de€la€Tethys€Paleogne.€Taxinomie,€phylogenese€Š (0!$ Šą0 õ ąet€biostratigraphie.€Atlas,€II.€Schweiz.€Palaont.€Abhandl.,€104„106,€1„236,€Basle.Š õ$"õ$" ŠSchubert,€R.€(1909):€Geologija€Dalmacije.€Matica€Dalmatinska,€Zadar,€3-183.ĢSellwood,€B.W.€(1986):€Shallow-marine€Carbonate€Environments.€In:€Sedimentary€Environments€¼ą0 õ ąand€Facies,€II€ed.€(ed.€Reading,€H.G.).€Blackwell€Sci.€Publ.,€Oxford,€283-342.Š}/(,õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąShinn,€E.A.€(1983):€Tidal€Flat€Environment.€In:€Carbonate€Depositional€Environments€(eds.€Scholle,ĻP.A.,€Bebout,€D.G.€&€Moore,€C.H.).€A.A.P.G.€Mem.,€33,€Tulsa,€172-210.Š õ$"õ$" ŠShinn,€E.A.,€Lloyd,€R.M.€&€Ginsburg,€R.N.€(1969):€Anatomy€of€a€modern€carbonate€tidal-flat,€¼ą0 õ ąAndros€Island,€Bahamas.€Jour.€Sed.€Petrol.,€39/3,€1202-1228,€Tulsa.Š õ$"õ$" ŠStache,€G.€(1889):€Die€liburnische€Stufe€und€deren€Grenz-horizonte.€Abh.€K.K.€geol.€Reichsanst.€¼ą0 õ ą13,€1-170,€Wien.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąStanley,€D.J.€&€Maldonado,€A.€(1981):€Depositional€models€for€fine„grained€sediment€in€the€westernĻHellenic€Trench,€Eastern€Mediterranean.€Sedimentology€28/2,€273„290,€Oxford.Š õ$"õ$" ŠSwift,€D.J.P.€(1968):€Coastal€erosion€and€transgressive€stratigraphy.€Journ.€of€Geology,€76,€¼ą0 õ ą444„456,€Chicago.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąš°šikišaš,€D.€(1965):€Geologija€podrušcšja€s€naslagama€paleogena€Istre,€Hrvatskog€primorja€i€Dalmacije.ĻThesis,€Univ.€of€Zagreb,€1-149.Š õ$"õ$" Šš°šikišaš,€D.€(1968):€Istarsko-dalmatinska€orogenetska€faza€i€stratigrafija€eocena€u€Dinaridima.€¼ą0 õ ąI€kol.€geol.€Dinarida€1,€135-142,€Ljubljana.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąš°šikišaš,€D.€(1969):€O€razvoju€paleogena€i€lutetskim€pokretima€u€Dalmaciji.€Geol.€vjesnik,22€(1968),Ļ309-331,€Zagreb.Š õ$"õ$" ŠWilliams,€L.A.€(1984):€Subtidal€Stromatolites€in€Monterey€Formation€and€Other€Organic„¼ą0 õ ąRich€Rocks€as€suggested€Source€Contributors€to€Petroleum€Formation.€A.A.P.G.€Bull.,Ļ68/12,€1879„1893,€Tulsa.Š õ$"õ$" Š€€€„€€€€€€(1970):€Geological€Map€of€SFR€Yugoslavia€1:500000.€Savezni€Geol.€zavod,€Beograd.ĢĢĢŠ }/(, ŠÓ  Óą@ĄĄK`ąņ ņFIGURE€CAPTIONSó óˆŠ ķ ŠĢą0 õ ąą  ąFig.€1.€General€geology€of€central€Middle€Dalmatia€and€position€of€the€sections€studied.€(1.€HvarĻsection,€2.€Orebišaš€section).€Location€of€the€area€studied€is€shown€in€the€map€inset.€Key:Ļa)€Eocene€(predominantly€Flysch€clastics,€carbonates€are€subordinate),€b)€Mesozoic€carbonates.ĻMap€simplified€after€Geological€Map€of€SFR€Yugoslavia€1:500000.Š õ$"õ$" Šą0 õ ąą  ąFig.€2.€Correlation€of€the€Hvar€and€Orebišaš€sections€and€sea„level€changes€reconstructed€with€relativeĻchanges€of€coastal€onlap.€Chart€after€Haq€&€al.€(1987),€simplified.€Bold€letters€next€to€theĻsections€correspond€to€the€facies€associations€described€in€the€text,€and€numbers€indicateĻsubaerial€exposures.€Roman€numerals€indicate€major€hiatuses.€Several€subaerial€exposureĻsurfaces€may€be€correlated€with€the€sea„level€falls€illustrated€on€the€coastal€onlap€curve,Ļbut€the€most€of€them€may€not,€so€their€effect€on€the€curve€is€speculative.€See€text€forĻdiscussion.€Thicknesses€of€sediments€on€studied€sections€is€controlled€by€different€rateĻof€subsidence€of€the€two€structural€blocks.Š õ$"õ$" Š€Fig.€3.€Simplified€logs€of€the€Hvar€and€Orebišaš€sections€in€the€chronostratigraphic€scale,€respective€¼ą0 õ ącurves€of€the€sea„level€change,€relative€changes€of€the€coastal€onlap€and€correspondingĻeustatic€curve€of€Haq€&€al.€(1987).€Bold€letters€indicate€facies€associations€described€inĻthe€text,€and€Roman€numerals€indicate€major€hiatuses.€Dots€indicate€events€of€rapid€deepeningĻinterpreted€as€induced€by€tectonic€disintegration€of€the€carbonate€platform.€Note€thatĻboundaries€of€facies€associations€(formations)€are€not€synchronous€and€that€all€of€themĻare€older€in€the€Orebišaš„€than€in€the€Hvar€section.Š õ$"õ$" ŠńŽńŌ% € ŌńŽń