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Application of electrochemistry to the analysis of pharmaceuticals and biological samples

Electrochemistry is widely used in scientific research in the pharmaceutical and biomedical domain. Electrochemical techniques are well established in the analysis of pharmaceuticals and biologically important compounds that undergo electron transfer reactions. Voltammetry is the most widespread electroanalytical method applied in screening and determination of drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and human body fluids. This powerful and versatile analytical technique is based on the continuous varying of the potential applied across a solution-electrode surface interface and recording the resultant current at the working electrode on which the redox reaction occurs. The working electrode material affects the electron transfer process involved in analyte detection. Working electrodes commonly used in modern electroanalytical techniques for oxidation processes are carbon-based electrodes, such as glassy carbon, carbon paste, carbon fiber, screen printed carbon, diamond, fullerene, carbon nanotube, wax-impregnated graphite electrodes, and chemically modified electrodes or inert metal (e.g. gold or platinum) electrodes. If a technique is used for the reduction process, hanging mercury drop and mercury film electrodes can be used. An extensively studied form of voltammetry is polarography where the working electrode is a dropping mercury electrode. A number of specialized electrode systems have been developed in the last decade, providing practical extension of the principles of voltammetry. The most commonly employed voltammetric techniques in studies of pharmaceuticals and pharmacologically active substances in various matrices are linear sweep, cyclic, differential pulse, square-wave and stripping voltammetry. The potential use of electrochemical techniques to solve a large number of analytical-pharmaceutical problems is described. Recent advances in the application of electrochemistry to the analysis of pharmaceuticals and biomolecules in real samples as well as in electrochemical approaches to investigating electron transfer in these compounds are reviewed.

Electroanalytical techniques; Pharmaceuticals; Biological samples

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