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Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS ; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) is the most frequently used self-report instrument assessing positive and negative affect. The questionnaire measures two general: dimensions, positive and negative affect. There are two versions of the questionnaire: a 60-item version (PANAS-X) and a brief 20-item scale. Respondents rate how they are feeling for each adjective on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (very slightly) to 5 (extremely). The high extreme of each dimension indicates the experience of affect, while the low end represents a lack of emotion. The PANAS-X is simple and easy to administer. Most respondents complete the 60-item scale in 10 min or less. The PANAS-X measures mood at two different levels. In addition to the two higher- order broad dimensions, PA and NA, the questionnaire measures 11 specific affects: joviality, self-assurance, attentiveness, fear, hostility, guilt, sadness, shyness, fatigue, serenity, and surprise.

positive affect, negative affect, self-report questionnaire, mood

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