engleski

Extravasation of antineoplastic drugs

When antineoplastic drugs are administrated intravenously there is a possibility of extravasation, which is one of the worst complications associated with injecting of medicines. It can result in heavy tissue damage, but also in necrosis. Extravasation of antineoplastic drugs is associated to their involuntary outflow or infiltration in perivascular or subcutaneous area during the time of their intravenous application. Our goals are to present frequency of extravasation, to classify antineoplastic drugs and to show how this phenomenon can be prevented or cured. We collected data by examination of relevant scientific literature, oncology societies' guidelines, national guidelines, and by searching through bibliographic databases containing key words like: chemotherapy, cytotoxic drugs, extravasation and management. Extravasation incidence ranges from 0.1% to 6%. According to possibility to cause local tissue damages, cytotoxic medicines are divided into: vesicant, irritans and non- vesicants. Some tissue injuries that heal slowly and hardly can result in decrease function of extremities, and even amputation. Because of these reasons, extravasation significantly affects quality of patient's life, which is reduced in the first place by disease itself and chemotherapy side effects, influences delay of chemotherapy protocols, extends hospitalization, but also causes lawsuits worldwide. Thus it is of high importance to prevent extravasation. This includes both specific and non-specific procedures ; specific procedures are non- pharmacological and/or pharmacological therapies, and if they fail, surgical methods have to be conducted. Antidotes are given according to the type of antineoplastic drug. Extravasation is a serious chemotherapy complication. Prevention and constant education of medical personnel is of highest importance in reduction of extravasation, but if it comes to that a correct treatment according to the type of extravasated drug has to be conducted. Supervising extravasation of antineoplastic drugs is a part of direct pharmaceutical care for oncology patient.

extravastion, antineoplastic drugs

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