engleski

Nose

This chapter deals with preparations for nasal administration, with a local or a systemic effect. Classical nasal preparations were always associated with local ailments, but nowadays the interest in the nasal route for systemically acting substances and direct nose to brain delivery is increasing. Fast absorption, the possibility of high blood levels and a patient friendly dosage form are the reasons. Nasal administration of medicines with local effect is the first choice for the treatment of topical nasal disorders. It is also an attractive route for low dose active substances with a systemic effect, such as peptides or benzodiazepines (e.g. midazolam). When compared to parenteral administration nasal administration is more easily applied and causes less risk of infection. Nasal preparations can be formulated as liquid, semisolid or solid preparations and can contain one or more active substances. Whether intended for local or systemic action, the mucociliary function of the nose should be disturbed as little as possible by the preparation However, it is well known that active substances as well as excipients may have a negative influence on the mucociliary clearance, in other words may be ciliotoxic. In the formulation of nasal preparations one should take into consideration the possible damage to the cilia in relation to the indication and the period of use. Within this chapter the emphasis is on dosage forms that are prepared in the pharmacy and on forms that are supplied by the pharmacy.

Ciliotoxic ;  Mucociliary clearance ;  Nasal preparation ;  Local effect ;  Systemic effect ;  Preparation ;  Formulation

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